Ἀπολλώνιος
Apollonios, Apollonius
Translated by Massimo Forconi2 Dec 2001Vetting: high14 revisions
Translation
Of Tyana, philosopher, son of Apollonios and a mother from that town, members of the gentry. With him in her womb, his mother saw a genius standing near saying that he himself was the child she was carrying, and that he was Proteus, the Egyptian;1 therefore, he was thought to be Proteus' son. He flourished during the rule of Claudius, Gaius [Caligula], and Nero until Nerva's reign, during which he did indeed pass away.2 Following Pythagoras' example he kept absolute silence all through five years.3 He set out for Egypt, then went to Babylon to meet the Magi, and then met the Arabs. He collected from all of them the numberless conjurations widely ascribed to him. So many works he composed: the Initiations or On Sacrifices, the Testament, the Oracles, the Epistles, the Life of Pythagoras. Philostratos of Lemnos wrote a biography4 that pays respect to this man as a true philosopher. According to Philostratos, Apollonios of Tyana had more self-restraint than Sophocles, who used to say that only after reaching old age did he escape a raging and savage beast of a master.5 Apollonios, on the contrary, with his virtue and temperance was not overcome by these urges, even in his youth. According to Philostratos, he approached wisdom in a more godlike way6 than Pythagoras because Apollonios bested tyrannies, and his was an era not so long ago.8 Men do not yet grant him recognition for the truth of his philosophy, which he practised both wisely and soundly. But some praise one aspect of the man, others another. Yet others, given that he consulted with the magi of Babylon, the Brahmins of India and the naked ascetics9 of Egypt, regard him as a magus and unfairly claim that he was not a true philosopher, misapprehending him. For Empedocles10 and Pythagoras11 himself and Democritus12 too, though they associated with magicians and spoke many marvellous and divine things, were never drawn to magic.13 Though Plato was in Egypt14 and, just like a painter adding color to a sketch, blended in his dialogues many teachings of the prophets and priests of that country, he was never regarded as a magus and yet was the most envied of men for his wisdom. Nor should we slur Apollonios' intuition and prescience in the things he predicted with this kind of wisdom any more than Socrates15 might be accused for his predictions and so Anaxagoras,16 who at Olympia, when there was not the slightest sign of rain, went out into the stadium under a fleece, so suggesting that it would rain.17 Though many attribute such to Anaxagoras, they turn right around to deny Apollonios the prescience that was intrinsic to his wisdom. So I think one should not heed the nonsense of the many, but should investigate what Apollonios said and did according to the times and the special character of the skill through which he succeeded in being thought supernatural and divine. I have collected information from the cities devoted to him; other information comes from sanctuaries whose lapsed rites he restored, and from what others wrote to him and he to others. He corresponded with kings, sophists, philosophers, Eleans, Delphians, Indians and Egyptians on gods, customs, and laws. We can know in more detail what he was doing among them through Damis, his student and witness.18
This Apollonius of Tyana19 had an excellent memory, if anyone did. He truly kept his vow of silence but gathered much information, and when a hundred years old he had a sharper memory than Simonides.20 He composed and used to sing a hymn to Memory, in which he says that Time causes everything to waste away but Time itself through Memory is both ageless and immortal. With regard to Apollonius, look for other predictions of his under "Timasion".21
[Philostratos also reports]22 that this Apollonius said the following about Anaxagoras: he was from Clazomenae and he said his teachings were meant for cattle and camels, and that he would rather philosophize with beasts than men 23. The Theban Crates threw his property into the sea, so ensuring that it was of no use either to beasts or men 24.
This Apollonius of Tyana19 had an excellent memory, if anyone did. He truly kept his vow of silence but gathered much information, and when a hundred years old he had a sharper memory than Simonides.20 He composed and used to sing a hymn to Memory, in which he says that Time causes everything to waste away but Time itself through Memory is both ageless and immortal. With regard to Apollonius, look for other predictions of his under "Timasion".21
[Philostratos also reports]22 that this Apollonius said the following about Anaxagoras: he was from Clazomenae and he said his teachings were meant for cattle and camels, and that he would rather philosophize with beasts than men 23. The Theban Crates threw his property into the sea, so ensuring that it was of no use either to beasts or men 24.
Greek original · Adler’s text
Ἀπολλώνιος, Τυανεὺς, φιλόσοφος, υἱὸς Ἀπολλωνίου καὶ μητρὸς πολίτιδος τῶν ἐπιφανῶν, ὃν κύουσα ἡ μήτηρ ἐπιστάντα δαίμονα ἐθεάσατο λέγοντα, ὡς αὐτὸς εἴη ὃν κύει, εἶναι δὲ Πρωτέα τὸν Αἰγύπτιον· ὅθεν ὑπειλῆφθαι αὐτὸν Πρωτέως εἶναι υἱόν. καὶ ἤκμαζε μὲν ἐπὶ Κλαυδίου καὶ Γαΐου καὶ Νέρωνος καὶ μέχρι Νέρβα, ἐφ' οὗ καὶ μετήλλαξεν. ἐσιώπησε δὲ κατὰ Πυθαγόραν εʹ ἔτη. εἶτα ἀπῆρεν εἰς Αἴγυπτον, ἔπειτα εἰς Βαβυλῶνα πρὸς τοὺς μάγους, κἀκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἄραβας, καὶ συνῆξεν ἐκ πάντων τὰ μυρία καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ θρυλούμενα μαγγανεύματα. συνέταξε δὲ τοσαῦτα· Τελετὰς ἢ περὶ θυσιῶν, Διαθήκην, Χρησμοὺς, Ἐπιστολὰς, Πυθαγόρου βίον. εἰς τοῦτον ἔγραψε Φιλόστρατος ὁ Λήμνιος τὸν φιλοσόφῳ πρέποντα βίον. ὅτι Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Τυανεὺς ἐς σωφροσύνην ὑπερεβάλλετο τοῦ Σοφοκλέους. ὁ μὲν γὰρ λυττῶντα ἔφη καὶ ἄγριον δεσπότην ἀποφυγεῖν, ἐλθόντα ἐς γῆρας, ὁ δὲ Ἀπολλώνιος ὑπ' ἀρετῆς καὶ σωφροσύνης οὐδὲ ἐν μειρακίῳ ἡττήθη τούτων. ὅτι Φιλόστρατος λέγει περὶ Ἀπολλωνίου, θειότερον ἢ ὁ Πυθαγόρας τῇ σοφίᾳ προσελθεῖν τυραννίδων τε ὑπεράραντα καὶ γενόμενον κατὰ χρόνους οὔτ' ἀρχαίους οὔτ' αὖ νέους. ὃν οὔπω οἱ ἄνθρωποι γινώσκουσιν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθινῆς φιλοσοφίας, ἣν φιλοσόφως τε καὶ ὑγιῶς ἐπήσκησεν. ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν τὸ, ὁ δὲ τὸ ἐπαινεῖ τἀνδρός· οἱ δὲ, ἐπειδὴ μάγοις Βαβυλωνίων καὶ Ἰνδῶν Βραχμᾶσι καὶ τοῖς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ Γυμνοῖς συνεγένετο, μάγον ἡγοῦνται αὐτὸν καὶ διαβάλλουσιν ὡς μὴ σοφὸν, κακῶς γινώσκοντες. Ἐμπεδοκλῆς τε γὰρ καὶ Πυθαγόρας αὐτὸς καὶ Δημόκριτος ὁμιλήσαντες μάγοις καὶ πολλὰ δαιμόνια εἰπόντες οὔπω ὑπήχθησαν τῇ τέχνῃ. Πλάτων δὲ βαδίσας ἐς Αἴγυπτον καὶ πολλὰ τῶν ἐκεῖ προφητῶν τε καὶ ἱερέων ἐγκαταμίξας τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ λόγοις καὶ καθάπερ ζωγράφος ἐσκιαγραφημένοις ἐπιβαλὼν χρώματα οὔπω μαγεύειν ἔδοξε, καίτοι πλεῖστα ἀνθρώπων φθονηθεὶς ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ. οὐδὲ γὰρ τὸ αἰσθέσθαι πολλὰ καὶ προγνῶναι διαβάλλοι ἂν τὸν Ἀπολλώνιον, ἐφ' οἷς προὔλεγεν, ἐς τὴν σοφίαν ταύτην, ὡς διαβεβλήσεται καὶ Σωκράτης ἐφ' οἷς προὔλεγε, καὶ Ἀναξαγόρας, ὃς Ὀλυμπίασιν, ὁπότε ἥκιστα ὕοι, προελθὼν ὑπὸ κωδίῳ ἐς τὸ στάδιον ἐπὶ προρρήσει ὄμβρου. καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ ὑπὲρ Ἀναξαγόρου προτιθέντες ἀφαιροῦνται τὸν Ἀπολλώνιον τὸ κατὰ σοφίαν προγινώσκειν. δοκεῖ οὖν μοι μὴ περιϊδεῖν τὴν τῶν πολλῶν ἄνοιαν, ἀλλ' ἐξακριβῶσαι τὸν ἄνδρα τοῖς τε χρόνοις, καθ' οὓς εἶπέ τι ἢ ἔπραξε, τοῖς τε τῆς σοφίας τρόποις, ὑφ' ὧν ἔψαυσε τοῦ δαιμόνιός τε καὶ θεῖος νομισθῆναι. ξυνείλεκται δέ μοι τὰ μὲν ἐκ πόλεων, ὁπόσαι αὐτοῦ ἤρων, τὰ δὲ ἐξ ἱερῶν, ὁπόσα ὑπ' αὐτοῦ ἐπανήχθη παραλελυμένα τοὺς θεσμοὺς ἤδη, τὰ δὲ ἐξ ὧν ἕτεροι πρὸς αὐτὸν ἢ αὐτὸς πρὸς ἄλλους ἔγραφεν. ἐπέστελλε δὲ βασιλεῦσι, σοφισταῖς, φιλοσόφοις, Ἠλείοις, Δελφοῖς, Ἰνδοῖς, Αἰγυπτίοις, ὑπὲρ θεῶν, ὑπὲρ ἠθῶν, ὑπὲρ νόμων, παρ' οἷς ὅ τι ἂν πράττοι· τὰ δὲ ἀκριβέστερα παρὰ Δάμιδος ἀκηκοώς. οὗτος Ἀπολλώνιος ὁ Τυανεὺς διαμνημονικός τις ἦν εἴπερ τις ἄλλος, ὃς τὴν μὲν φωνὴν σιωπῇ κατεῖχε, πλεῖστα δὲ ἀνελέγετο, καὶ τὸ μνημονικὸν ἑκατοντούτης γενόμενος ἔρρωτο ὑπὲρ τὸν Σιμωνίδην. καὶ ὕμνος αὐτῷ τίς ἐστιν εἰς μνημοσύνην, ὃν ᾖδεν, ἐν ᾧ πάντα μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου μαραίνεσθαί φησιν, αὐτόν γε μὴν τὸν χρόνον ἀγήρω τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ὑπὸ τῆς μνημοσύνης εἶναι. ζήτει περὶ Ἀπολλωνίου καὶ ἕτερα προγνωστικὰ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ Τιμασίων. ὅτι Ἀπολλώνιος οὗτος τάδε περὶ Ἀναξαγόρα ἔφη· καὶ γὰρ Κλαζομένιον ὄντα καὶ ἀγέλαις καὶ καμήλοις τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ἀναθέντα εἰπεῖν, προβάτοις μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνθρώποις φιλοσοφῆσαι. ὁ δὲ Θηβαῖος Κράτης κατεπόντωσε τὴν οὐσίαν, οὔτε προβάτοις ποιήσας ἐπιτήδειον, οὔτε ἀνθρώποις.
Betacode
*)apollw/nios, *tuaneu\s, filo/sofos, ui(o\s *)apollwni/ou kai\ mhtro\s poli/tidos tw=n e)pifanw=n, o(\n ku/ousa h( mh/thr e)pista/nta dai/mona e)qea/sato le/gonta, w(s au)to\s ei)/h o(\n ku/ei, ei)=nai de\ *prwte/a to\n *ai)gu/ption: o(/qen u(peilh=fqai au)to\n *prwte/ws ei)=nai ui(o/n. kai\ h)/kmaze me\n e)pi\ *klaudi/ou kai\ *gai/+ou kai\ *ne/rwnos kai\ me/xri *ne/rba, e)f' ou(= kai\ meth/llacen. e)siw/phse de\ kata\ *puqago/ran e# e)/th. ei)=ta a)ph=ren ei)s *ai)/gupton, e)/peita ei)s *babulw=na pro\s tou\s ma/gous, ka)kei=qen e)pi\ tou\s *)/arabas, kai\ sunh=cen e)k pa/ntwn ta\ muri/a kai\ peri\ au)tou= qrulou/mena magganeu/mata. sune/tace de\ tosau=ta: *teleta\s h)\ peri\ qusiw=n, *diaqh/khn, *xrhsmou\s, *)epistola\s, *puqago/rou bi/on. ei)s tou=ton e)/graye *filo/stratos o( *lh/mnios to\n filoso/fw| pre/ponta bi/on. o(/ti *)apollw/nios o( *tuaneu\s e)s swfrosu/nhn u(pereba/lleto tou= *sofokle/ous. o( me\n ga\r luttw=nta e)/fh kai\ a)/grion despo/thn a)pofugei=n, e)lqo/nta e)s gh=ras, o( de\ *)apollw/nios u(p' a)reth=s kai\ swfrosu/nhs ou)de\ e)n meiraki/w| h(tth/qh tou/twn. o(/ti *filo/stratos le/gei peri\ *)apollwni/ou, qeio/teron h)\ o( *puqago/ras th=| sofi/a| proselqei=n turanni/dwn te u(pera/ranta kai\ geno/menon kata\ xro/nous ou)/t' a)rxai/ous ou)/t' au)= ne/ous. o(\n ou)/pw oi( a)/nqrwpoi ginw/skousin a)po\ th=s a)lhqinh=s filosofi/as, h(\n filoso/fws te kai\ u(giw=s e)ph/skhsen. a)ll' o( me\n to\, o( de\ to\ e)painei= ta)ndro/s: oi( de\, e)peidh\ ma/gois *babulwni/wn kai\ *)indw=n *braxma=si kai\ toi=s e)n *ai)gu/ptw| *gumnoi=s sunege/neto, ma/gon h(gou=ntai au)to\n kai\ diaba/llousin w(s mh\ sofo\n, kakw=s ginw/skontes. *)empedoklh=s te ga\r kai\ *puqago/ras au)to\s kai\ *dhmo/kritos o(milh/santes ma/gois kai\ polla\ daimo/nia ei)po/ntes ou)/pw u(ph/xqhsan th=| te/xnh|. *pla/twn de\ badi/sas e)s *ai)/gupton kai\ polla\ tw=n e)kei= profhtw=n te kai\ i(ere/wn e)gkatami/cas toi=s e(autou= lo/gois kai\ kaqa/per zwgra/fos e)skiagrafhme/nois e)pibalw\n xrw/mata ou)/pw mageu/ein e)/doce, kai/toi plei=sta a)nqrw/pwn fqonhqei\s e)pi\ sofi/a|. ou)de\ ga\r to\ ai)sqe/sqai polla\ kai\ prognw=nai diaba/lloi a)\n to\n *)apollw/nion, e)f' oi(=s prou)/legen, e)s th\n sofi/an tau/thn, w(s diabeblh/setai kai\ *swkra/ths e)f' oi(=s prou)/lege, kai\ *)anacago/ras, o(\s *)olumpi/asin, o(po/te h(/kista u(/oi, proelqw\n u(po\ kwdi/w| e)s to\ sta/dion e)pi\ prorrh/sei o)/mbrou. kai\ a)/lla tina\ u(pe\r *)anacago/rou protiqe/ntes a)fairou=ntai to\n *)apollw/nion to\ kata\ sofi/an proginw/skein. dokei= ou)=n moi mh\ perii+dei=n th\n tw=n pollw=n a)/noian, a)ll' e)cakribw=sai to\n a)/ndra toi=s te xro/nois, kaq' ou(\s ei)=pe/ ti h)\ e)/prace, toi=s te th=s sofi/as tro/pois, u(f' w(=n e)/yause tou= daimo/nio/s te kai\ qei=os nomisqh=nai. cunei/lektai de/ moi ta\ me\n e)k po/lewn, o(po/sai au)tou= h)/rwn, ta\ de\ e)c i(erw=n, o(po/sa u(p' au)tou= e)panh/xqh paralelume/na tou\s qesmou\s h)/dh, ta\ de\ e)c w(=n e(/teroi pro\s au)to\n h)\ au)to\s pro\s a)/llous e)/grafen. e)pe/stelle de\ basileu=si, sofistai=s, filoso/fois, *)hlei/ois, *delfoi=s, *)indoi=s, *ai)gupti/ois, u(pe\r qew=n, u(pe\r h)qw=n, u(pe\r no/mwn, par' oi(=s o(/ ti a)\n pra/ttoi: ta\ de\ a)kribe/stera para\ *da/midos a)khkow/s. ou(=tos *)apollw/nios o( *tuaneu\s diamnhmoniko/s tis h)=n ei)/per tis a)/llos, o(\s th\n me\n fwnh\n siwph=| katei=xe, plei=sta de\ a)nele/geto, kai\ to\ mnhmoniko\n e(katontou/ths geno/menos e)/rrwto u(pe\r to\n *simwni/dhn. kai\ u(/mnos au)tw=| ti/s e)stin ei)s mnhmosu/nhn, o(\n h)=|den, e)n w(=| pa/nta me\n u(po\ tou= xro/nou marai/nesqai/ fhsin, au)to/n ge mh\n to\n xro/non a)gh/rw te kai\ a)qa/naton u(po\ th=s mnhmosu/nhs ei)=nai. zh/tei peri\ *)apollwni/ou kai\ e(/tera prognwstika\ au)tou= e)n tw=| *timasi/wn. o(/ti *)apollw/nios ou(=tos ta/de peri\ *)anacago/ra e)/fh: kai\ ga\r *klazome/nion o)/nta kai\ a)ge/lais kai\ kamh/lois ta\ e(autou= a)naqe/nta ei)pei=n, proba/tois ma=llon h)\ a)nqrw/pois filosofh=sai. o( de\ *qhbai=os *kra/ths katepo/ntwse th\n ou)si/an, ou)/te proba/tois poih/sas e)pith/deion, ou)/te a)nqrw/pois.
Notes (24)
- C1-2 AD. See generally OCD(4) p.124, under 'Apollonius(12)'. The present entry draws on the problematic "biography" of him by Philostratos, for whom see phi 421-423 (and OCD(4) p.1137, under 'Philostrati').↩
- 1Philostratos (1.4) follows the Homeric portrait of Proteus (Odyssey 4.349ff) as residing on the island of Pharos near the mouth of the Nile, contrasting with Vergil (Georgics 4.387), who places Proteus on the island of Carpathus, between Crete and Rhodes. ↩
- 2The sense of
meth/llaxen ranges from "he vanished" (in the sense of "transmuted") to "he died." Philostratos does not use the term, but at 8.29ff records various accounts of Apollonios' death and reappearance prefaced with the sober comment "if indeed he died" (ei)/ge e)teleu/ta ). ↩- 3Diogenes Laertius 8.10 (Pythagoras). ↩
- 4Literally, "a biography befitting a philosopher." The formal title The Memoirs of Apollonios of Tyana is given as
ta\ e)s to\n *tuane/a *)apollw/nion (see OCD) and, distilled from Philostratos at 8.29, asta\ e)s *)apollw/nion to\n *tuane/a . ↩- 5Philostratos 1.13. Plato, Republic 329C in reference to Sophocles' "natural force" in "service of Aphrodite." ↩
- 6Or "more superbly." ↩
- 7In contrast to Pythagoras fleeing the political tribulations of Samos and Croton, Apollonios confronted Tigellinus in the time of Nero (Philostratos 4), and returned to Rome despite foreknowledge that Domitian intended his arrest (Philostratos 7). ↩
- 8Literally, "(he was) born not in the distant past nor recently." ↩
- 9Or "Gymnosophists." ↩
- 10Diogenes Laertius 8.59-62 (Empedocles). ↩
- 11Diogenes Laertius 8.2-3, 20-21 (Pythagoras). ↩
- 12Diogenes Laertius 9.34 (Democritus). ↩
- 13Philostratos distinguishes between
te/xnh (orw(s ma/gw| te/xnh| at 1.2) as black magic andsofi/a as sage wisdom. ↩- 14Diogenes Laertius 3.6 (Plato). ↩
- 15Diogenes Laertius 2.32, 40 (Socrates). ↩
- 16Diogenes Laertius 2.10, 12-13 (Anaxagoras). ↩
- 17cf. Philostratos 1.2. In the Suda's slightly modified version,
e)s is the instrumental ("by means of": Danker, 291.5), while referential ("for": Danker, 291.5) in Philostratos. The conjunctiveh)/ in Philostratos reads "otherwise" (LSJ); the Suda's conjunctivew(s reads "as" (LSJ) with the sense "as [were this accusation accepted; so English "as" for "in the same way that it would be if"] Socrates should have been accused for..." The critical apparatus for Philostratos, with Suda variants marked, is: "Nor, then, as to (his) foreseeing and foreknowing many things, should one slur Apollonios for this kind of wisdom (Suda: for the things he predicted by means of this kind of wisdom); otherwise (Suda: as) then, Socrates should have been accused for the things he predicted with his miraculous foresight and Anaxagoras..." See Philostratos 8 (particularly 8.7.9ff.) in which the author has Apollonios extensively develop this argument via his undelivered (owing to prior acquittal) trial defense speech. ↩- 18Philostratos 1.3, 19. The verb
a)kou/w here carries a dual sense. For the use ofa)kou/w as "to be a student," see LSJ and Diogenes Laertius 9.21 (Parmenides). Philostratos does not use the term. ↩- 19Quoted from either alpha 2245 or sigma 439. ↩
- 20Philostratos 1.14. Simonides was renowned for his excellent memory even into old age, reportedly dying at ago 90 or older. The Syracusans erected a monument to his mental faculty. ↩
- 21tau 598. For Timasion, Apollonios' young Egyptian follower, see Philostratos 6.3, 9, 22ff. ↩
- 22Quoted from alpha 1981. ↩
- 23Ibid. 1.13. ↩
- 24Ibid. See Plutarch, Moralia 4E for Crates' notion of poverty.
References
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Francis, James A. Subversive Virtue: Asceticism and Authority in the Second-Century Pagan World (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995)
Francis, James A. "Truthful Fiction: New Questions to Old Answers on Philostratus' Life of Apollonius", AJPh 119 (1998) 419-441
Harris, F. "Apollonius of Tyana: Fact or Fiction?" JRH 5 (1969)189-99
Petzke, G. Die Traditionen ueber Apollonius von Tyana und das Neue Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970)
Votaw, Clyde Weber. The Gospels and Contemporary Biographies in the Greco-Roman World (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1915; reprinted 1970)
Linked from7 entries
- α426Ἀδαμάντιναadamantine [things][Meaning] solid [ones]. Apollonius, as if conversing with himself, used to say 'I know', and 'it seems to me' and 'where are you headed', and 'one needs to know'." And [his] opinions [were] brief and adamantine.
- α607ἈείalwaysOf this [there are] 11 meanings. "The wise man must always be the same, in sharp pains, in the loss of a child, or in serious illnesses". Such was Apollonius of Tyana. And [there is] a proverb: "for the dice of Zeus…
- α1981ἈναξαγόραςAnaxagorasA sophist, son of Hegesibulus, of Clazomenae. He was nicknamed 'Mind', since he said that matter and mind are the guardian of all things. This is the man who said that the sun is a red-hot mass. That is, a fiery stone.…
- α2245Ἀνελέγετοused to read through[Meaning he/she/it] used to go over, used to practice. "Simonides had as good a memory as anyone. Apollonius the Tyanian was like him. He kept his voice silent, but used to read through quite a lot. And his memory…
- α3421ἈπολλώνιοςApollonios, ApolloniusA different one, [but also] from Tyana, a younger philosopher born during the reign of the emperor Hadrian, as Agresphon [says] in On Homonyms.
- δ46ΔάμιςDamisA man not without learning, an inhabitant of ancient Nineveh. This man was a philosophical associate of Apollonius and wrote up his travels, which he says he, too, shared. He wrote up his opinions and words and whatever…
- δ1352ΔομετιανόςDomitian, Domitianus, DometianosEmperor of [the] Romans, brother of Titus, whose successor he became. He emulated not his father's or his brother's habit of good government, but, on the contrary, the appetite for iniquity of Tiberius and Nero. He…
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Revision history14 revisions · last 18 Mar 2015
- tweaked note 2 — Catharine Roth
- typo — Catharine Roth
- coding — Catharine Roth
- cosmetics — Catharine Roth
- cosmetics — Catharine Roth
- updated OCD refs — David Whitehead
- more keywords; tweaks and cosmetics — David Whitehead
- modified translation; added initial note; augmented other notes, and keywords; cosmetics — David Whitehead
- Revised — Craig Miller
- Cosmetics. — Craig Miller
- Bibliography standardized and augmented; status changed; cosmetics. — Craig Miller
- Revised — Craig Miller
- Translation modified; notes, keywords added. Bibliography adds, status, and cosmetics pending by editor. — Craig Miller
- Under editorial review as of this date. — Craig Miller
- Translated — Massimo Forconi